Shock absorber (or damper) is a critical component of a vehicle’s suspension system. Its primary function is to absorb and dissipate kinetic energy generated by road irregularities or dynamic loads, ensuring ride comfort and stability.  

Key Components: 

1. Piston & Piston Rod: Connects the wheel to the vehicle body, moving vertically with vibrations.  

2. Hydraulic Fluid/Gas: Fills the cylinder and flows through valves to create damping resistance.  

3. Valve System: Controls fluid flow rate to generate adjustable damping forces.  

Operation Process:  

1. **Compression Stroke** (Wheel upward motion):  

   - The piston moves downward, compressing fluid in the lower chamber.  

   - Fluid flows through small orifices/valves in the piston, generating resistance to cushion impacts.  

2. Rebound Stroke (Wheel downward motion):  

   - The piston moves upward, forcing fluid from the upper chamber back to the lower chamber.  

   - Valves are designed to provide higher resistance during rebound than compression, preventing excessive body oscillation.  

Conclusion: By converting kinetic energy into heat through controlled fluid damping, shock absorbers minimize vibrations, enhance ride quality, and maintain tire contact with the road.